North Korea Command Economy is Based on Agriculture and...

The economy in North Korea operates under the Central Bank of the Democratic People’s of and it remains as one of the world’s last centrally planned systems. North Korea has a command economy and it is based on agriculture and natural resources. The government permits private farmers markets to sell a range of goods, they also allowed some private farming on an experimental ground. Although, agriculture has a decreasing role in the nations economy there has been an increase in cultivated land projects, mechanization and the use of chemical fertilizers. Farmers are either paid or allowed to keep bees, fruit trees, chickens and gardens. Some farmers can sell leftover produce at regional markets that are held annually. Farmers make out†¦show more content†¦For the most parts the main importing partners are the same but with a different percentage rate: China 67.2%, South Korea 20% and the European Union 4.0%. The importing goods are coking coal, petroleum, machinery and equipment, textiles and grain. North Korea’s most recent Gross Domestic Product are as followed: Purchasing Power Parity $40 billion, real growth rate .08%, official exchange rate $28 billion, per capita $1,800.00, agriculture 23.3%, industry 42.9% and services 32.9%. International trade is highly restricted. North Korea faces many challenges affecting their economy. One of the many challenges is that the supply of coal, oil and electricity has declined and affected all regions of the economy. Since North Korea is run on the Juche Idea theory foreign trade is not encouraged, therefore they have had chronic shortages. Industrialized capital stock is beyond reconstruction because of the years of under investment. North Korea invests most of their money in military spending and that draws off means needed for civilian consumption and investments. Climate changes have exasperated food shortages caused by ongoing systemic problems. The following have also been exasperated by the weather change collective farming practices, insufficient fertilization and persistent shortages of tractors and fuel. Minimum wage does not exist in North Korea. This might soundShow MoreRelatedThe Voice3751 Words   |  16 Pagesproof of that, such as Denmark and Finland. Even though both countries are more socialistic than America, the workforce remains stronger. China In China the government manages and controls the economy. Many of the domestic companies are owned and run by the government. Recently, the Chinese economy has become more geared towards capitalism, but is still officially socialist. Life in China remains relatively less stressful and more relaxed than life in capitalist countries like America. 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Silk Road Free Essays

Alexia Deleers Mr. Dimeck AP World History 14 January 2013 The Age of the Trading World The technological advances and discoveries of spices in the Asian continent set the stage for the emergence of world commerce. Being fascinated by the new toys of the East, the West was determined to be a part of what would soon be a global trading market. We will write a custom essay sample on Silk Road or any similar topic only for you Order Now With new goods being discovered in specific places, those who did not have those goods were ever more eager to obtain them, and the only way this could be done was through trading routes. Thus surfaced many trading routes that would facilitate the trading of goods all over the world. Two significant trading routes that united the world were the Silk Road and the Indian Ocean Trade Network where each route had it’s positive as well as negative characteristics. The Silk Road Trade was a long network of interlinking trade routes that traveled from China to Western countries specifically European nations. This trading route provided tremendous economic benefits for China as silk was one of the main products that was traded over the road hence the name of the trade route. Although silk was a major trade, the Silk Road also filtered printing, gunpowder, the compass and more goods from the East into Europe. The Silk Road promoted cultural diffusion as many religions from the West were introduced to Chinese civilizations; from the seventh century AD, Arab Muslims traveled to China via the Silk Road to spread Islam. The road was a great contributor to the cultural, economical, and political exchange between the China and the West and increased trade among many civilizations which ultimately allowed them to expand their possibilities. The expansion of possibilities was also capable through the Indian Ocean Trade which was a sea route predominantly between East Africa and India that led through many Spice Islands. The Indian Ocean Trade was known as the world’s richest maritime trading network. During the early Indian Ocean Trade, trade was only made between East Africa and Arabs from Asia. Trade between these two areas was made easy by the monsoon winds that circulated between Asia and the Eastern coast as winds blew north to south and back to north in a circular manner. The winds would change direction with the seasons. Eastern Africa’s exports in the Indian Ocean Trade consisted of gold, ivory, and iron. These goods were sold at high prices given they were scarce in the Asian world. East African city states were willing to pay a large amount of money for their imports which were goods such as silk, cotton, and porcelain. The small city states that emerged on the coast of Africa traded inland with other great African Kingdoms. Both trading routes were superior to each other in different ways. The Silk Road, although a violent trading network, was a major contributor to the spread of religions and cultures all over the world. Being a land route, interactions between different peoples was inevitable. On the other hand, the Indian Ocean trade network was a safer one and one that was known as the route of knowledge and academics. This route was able to transport a larger amount of goods from place to place due to the help of large ships. Both routes led economies of trading countries to grow and become more knowledgeable about trading. The Silk Road Network and the Indian Ocean Trade network united the world and were routes that changed the world trading system and the dynamic of the world forever. How to cite Silk Road, Papers Silk Road Free Essays The Silk Road was a trade network the connected the East to the West on the Eurasian continent. This trade included both overland and maritime routes. The central Asian kingdoms and peoples became the nexus point for much of this trade which lasted from the 3rd century B. We will write a custom essay sample on Silk Road or any similar topic only for you Order Now C. E. to the 15th century C. E. Many products and other cultural expressions moved along the Silk Road and diffused among various kingdoms along it. In breaking down and separating the patterns of interaction that occurred along the Silk Road from 200 B. C. E. to 1450 C. E. one can conclude that changes and continuities in these interactions included products traded (changes in specific products and impact, continuity in luxury goods), cultural expressions and diffusion (changes in artistic expressions and societal impacts, continuity in diffusion), and religion (changes in the religions that traveled and impact, continuity in spread of religion along the trade route ). One of the patterns of interaction along the Silk Road was in the products that were traded. The Silk Road trade system was created by interactions between Han China in the 2nd century B. C. E. nd their western neighbors when an expedition for alliances to deal with a pesky neighbor turned into something else. The fi rst product traded for on the Silk Road were Ferghana horses that the Chinese leader of the expedition Zhang Qian brought back with him which stimulated a trade between the Han and Central Asia for these fine war horses . In return, Central Asian kingdoms began to see various Chinese goods such as silk but also jades, medicinal herb, bronze and other luxury goods. This trade continued throughout the first four centuries of the timeframe with more groups getting involved in the lucrative trade. Indian spices and cotton, European gold and silver, and Central Asian horses and camels all started being acquired by each other . With the fall of both the Han and Roman empires by the 476 CE, the trade declined due to less demand and merchant’s fear of trading on less protected routes . The rise of the Tang Empire in the 7th century C. E. , along with a stabilized Byzantine empire in the West, led to a renewed vigor as well as the Abbasid caliphate in the Middle East led to stabilized trade routes again . From the East, paper and porcelain begin to appear. The stirrup appears out of the Middle East and influences both Europe and China. In Europe it creates the medieval feudal knights because they can now stay seated and weld a long lance without fear of being unseated. A similar emphasis is put on heavy cavalry in China for the same reasons as Europe . Europe continues to export gold and silver from the West because it was what was valued heavily by eastern merchants as a medium of exchange (pretty much accepted everywhere ). By the 10th century C. E. China was in decline again under the Song dynasty and lost control over much of the central and northwestern parts of the trade route. They began to emphasize more the of the southern maritime routes and thus because of this invent the maritime compass that will make its way across to the West and later lead to an age of discovery with Portugal at the end of this timeframe circa 1450 C. E. beginning to search out another maritime route d irectly to Asia by exploring the African coast using Chinese inspired compasses and Islamic maps of the Indian Ocean . With arrival of the Mongol conquests in the 1200s C. E. , once again the Silk Road has a sponsor to protect the merchants and trade thrives between East Asia, the Islamic Middle East and Europe . Silk, porcelain, and paper continue to come from the East along with gunpowder. Gunpowder now shows up on the Silk Road because of the Mongols taking it from China and using it in a more direct fashion in its conquests . Cannon now appear at the end of the timeframe being used by the Ottoman’s in their conquest of Constantinople in 1453 and by the Portuguese on their caravel ships . Central and South Asian products still include spices and animals but now cotton also begins to appear within the trade out of India . Because the Mongols controlled so much territory from China to Russia and the Middle East (they conquered Baghdad and overthrew the Abbasid caliphate), the Silk Road prospered like no other time and products flowed freely from East to West . A continuity throughout the timeframe was the fact that luxury goods usually drove the trade. Because products had to travel such great distances and thus there were so many middle men, only the very wealthy could partake of the trade . That is why gold and silver were preferred exchange mediums for the trade of silk and other fine eastern products . Another pattern of interaction was cultural expression and diffusion . In the early part of the timeframe (200 B. C. E. -1450 CE), there was very little cultural influence occurring . This is because intermediaries carried on the trade between the Han and Roman empires and the two imperial powers really had no contact directly with each other . During the Tang dynasty in the middle of the timeframe, this actually changes. Persian dance and the game of polo are introduced in China as well as musical and clothing styles which become popular . Chinese paper influenced the Islamic and European medieval periods with written works now becoming more the norm in saving and transmitting cultural knowledge such as written bibles, histories, math and other intellectual discoveries . At the end of the timeframe during the 13th through 15th centuries the Mongols were instrumental in the dissemination of knowledge throughout the Middle East territory they controlled. Islamic scholars in all fields have their works spread from Europe to China . In Europe, a Renaissance emerges due to reconnection to Silk Road trade because of the Crusades which began in the 10th century and continued into the 13th century. Crusaders reconnected with Eastern luxury goods such as spices and cloth but were also culturally influenced when they saw large vibrant, urban cities . It changed their outlook on life in general. Some ancient works such as the Greeks were re-introduced due to reconnection with the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid caliphate . Also eastern works were transmitted along the Silk Road thus inspiring Muslim and European scholars. The works of Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo become hits in Europe and the Muslim world because they opened the eyes of the people to the broader world that existed. Marco Polo actually traveled under protection of the Mongol Khan while Battuta traveled in the Muslim realm due to his being more comfortable in Arabic speaking kingdoms that practiced his form of religion . The station of merchants also changed by the end of the period in China because of the Mongols. During the Han period and other dynasties, Confucian principles kept merchants at the bottom the social hierarchy. Because the Mongols valued the profits they could generate, merchants under the Yuan period held much higher stations in life . A continuity in this period was the constant cultural diffusion that took place as intermediaries engaged one another and kingdoms became acquainted with each other. Lifestyles changed and peoples were introduced to new knowledge throughout the period. Religion, art, and knowledge were continually diffused throughout the history of the Silk Road . The last pattern of interactions that was evident on the Silk Road was that of religion . Trade was a great disseminator of culture along the routes of trade and religion was one of those cultural traits that spread throughout the period. Three major religions spread along the Silk Road- Christianity, Buddhism and Islam . Buddhism appeared early on the Silk Road in roughly the first century B. C. E. It was forced out of India due to its rejection by the Hindu majority but found homes in places like Tibet, China, Japan, and Southeast Asia . Many steppe peoples adopted it because it fit into their animistic religions of a universal spirit. Lower class people and women adopted it due to its equalitarian nature and its promise of an afterlife . It spread throughout the timeframe appearing in China and Japan during the Tang dynasty and being reinforced in places like Tibet and Mongolia when the Mongols adopted it . Christianity also spread along the trade routes in Western Asia but was blocked from spreading any farther eastward than the Byzantine Empire due to the rise of Islam in the middle of the period during the 7th and 8th centuries . Because of the adoption of Islam by the Il-Khan khanate, Islam would make its way into southern China by the end of the period in the 14th and 15th centuries . Christianity and Buddhism were spread by missionaries while Islam was primarily spread by merchants and by the sword. Buddhism as stated earlier continually spread throughout the period and found refuge primarily in Central, East, and Southeast Asia . It did not spread westward due to Islam and Christianity having hold on western Asia and Europe . In conclusion, there were several patterns of interaction on the Silk Road due to the many different cultures that interacted on it. It influenced cultural expressions, spread of religion, and as well as products and ideas that changed many cultures such as the stirrup and gunpowder to name a couple. These interactions were not all positive however in that one of the byproducts of this trade led to the spread of bubonic plague from China to Europe. The Black Death as it was called in Europe is one of the reasons that Silk Road trade diminished as well as the isolationist policies of the Ming emperors who abhorred all things â€Å"foreign† and the collapse of the Mongol empire due to internal fragmentation. Trade systems such as the trans-Saharan trade and the Indian Ocean maritime system had many of the same cultural impacts as the Silk Road and in total created early global networks of trade . How to cite Silk Road, Papers

Process of Globalization and Colonialism-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the relationship between the Process of Globalization and Colonialism. Answer: Introduction The report analyzes the historical incidents related to globalization and colonialism. The function of the report is to relate the similarities of both the ideologies. The examples of nations and the multinational corporations are the best example to justify both the concepts. The report basically concentrates on the relationship of globalization and colonialism. The report also focuses on the ways to find the economic and the social connections between the globalization and colonialism in respect of the behavior of the suppressor and the oppressor. The report consists of the expansion and discrimination in different countries due to colonialism and globalization. The example of Africa and globalization and the example of India and globalization has been taken into account as a global media report. Terms of reference The global media report has been taken as a reference for this project. This has been taken as a reference as it made easy to access the existence of the concept of global media and colonial powers. Global media report has made it possible for the readers to get the information available. The authentic information about the region was not easily found regarding the globalization. This is a concept that has emerged from the historical times. Therefore, it is only the printed media like the newspaper and TV channels that the information and the historical background regarding the process of colonialism and the concept of globalization as the outcome of colonialism was possible. It was not possible for every human and explores the dense parts of Africa or explores the histories of India. It became possible only through media that has a global and a universal appeal. This is primary reason of using the global media as powerful resources in this essay. Globalization The process of globalization is a form of colonialism that acts as an obstruction in the development of the third world countries. It was during the early sixteenth and the seventeenth century that the powerful countries invented the initial framework of colonialism. This is otherwise known as the free trade. The oppressed countries were pressurized to purchase goods that were brought by the colonists. In exchange of that they surrendered their own produces which led to high revenues for the colonists and this finally led to the exploitation of their colonies. In today`s world the globalization is demoralized and the critized for preventing the development in local areas and under developed countries (Payne and Askeland 2016). The example of Monsanto is the best way to analyze the impact of the colonialism on the process of Globalization. Globalization and colonialism always had a close relation with each other. The colonial powers affected the globalization (Urbina, Vela and Sanchez 2014). The Monsanto Company has always remained as a controversial multinational agricultural biotechnology corporation. This is known as the world`s leading producer of the herbicide glyphosate. It has always remained the leading producer of the genetically engineered seeds. The company provides the technology in more than ninety percent of the world`s genetically engineered seeds. The company aims at extending their business in the entire world. The company intends to do their business globally (Stein and Andreotti 2016). Due to the colonialism they were unable to justify certain ethical rights. Apart from this the company named Wal-Mart which is one of the most unethical global business that has violated the human rights du ring the formulation of the strategy of giving jobs to the employees and during making fake promises to the customers regarding price and the manufacturing process of the goods. The company has violated a large area of exploitation of the labor and the human rights. The ruling colonial power of a specific area hampers the global business in that region. This is the way the colonialism had a huge impact on the globalization of a region (Redner 2017). This is the process through which the integration of the regional economies, societies and the cultures occur. It happens through a global network of trade, communication and transportation. The concept of Globalization is related to the factors like technology, the social factors and the economic factors. The idea of globalization also refers to the circulation of the ideas, languages and sometimes even the cultures. The diffusion of the culture is a global concept that occurs. The global economy is the most important dimension of globalization. It intends towards the creation of the borderless world (Mentan 2015). Colonialism The colonialism refers to the historical phenomenon where the people in order to expand goes on to conquer people from some other territory. The colonialism has executed an unequal relationship between the homeland and the colony. The colonialism is a phenomenon which can be defined as the expansion of the territories (Loomba 2015). The expansion refers to the expansion of the administrative powers and the governmental powers. There are various examples of the same. From the pre-historical period there had been various instances of colonialism (Lane 2013). The exploration of the British people, the exploration of Christopher Columbus and Vespucci is an evidence of the expansion of the colonies. The expansion of the colonies included the expansion of the military control of that region. In relation to the colonialism there is another concept that has emerged is the concept of neo-colonialism. This includes the imperialism and the final stage of colonialism. In today`s world it is rare that the countries experience a colonial rule. After World War 2 the countries was able to attain their independence and they were free from the colonial rule. It occurred globally. The state that is subject to the colonial rule is only in theory and not in reality. This is called the neo-colonial concept. In reality the economic system and the political policy of the same is regulated from outside source (Black 2015). Relation between colonialism and globalization The globalization and colonialism have certain similar ideology. There are certain similar aspects that both the concepts share. The similarity majorly consists of the fact of the way the rich countries are trying to expand their powers and it further consists of the powers to exploit other state (Black 2015). This is done in order to get benefits in both the cases. To some extent it has been found that globalization has been using the process of structuralism in order to reach to colonialism. The globalization has undoubtedly brought a huge advantage to all of us. In spite of this the negative aspects of globalization resembles the aspects of colonialism. It was well observed between sixteenth and twentieth century. The policy of Great Britain during the colonialism was the attainment of the free trade. This was one of the most effective processes of attaining the goal. The colonists tried to globalize the world through the process of unipolarity. The maximum amount of evidences of this phenomenon is observed in the African and the Asian countries. The countries of Asia and Africa witnessed the dictatorships and were indirectly dictated by the foreign rule and by the western multinationals. The cheap labor and the resources of the poor countries were exploited by the colonial rulers. It was done in order to acquire wealth through the low production cost (Beck 2015). Africa and globalization The contact of Africa with the outside had been with the outside world after the advent of the explorers. For many years Africa remained detached from the outside world. It was because of the environmental and the geographical reason that Africa remained detached with the outside world. The colonial rule increased the scope of business in the market. It increased the demand of the raw materials. After the growth of the industrialization and the spread of the same in Africa it made it a global market (Baylis, Owens and Smith 2017). The best example is the cotton textile industry. This industry was completely dependent on the import of the products. The globalization increased the demand of the raw materials worldwide. The economy of Africa increased due to this. These are the consequences of colonialism that heavily had an impact of globalization. It was because of Colonialism that the globalization occurred. It further had an impact on need for the markets; it affected the commerce, Christianity and the civilization. In today`s world Africa is one of the leading exporter of minerals, raw materials. The exploration that occurred due to the colonialism took forward the globalization process. Today the entire world is dependent on Africa for the minerals as it is rich in minerals (Atkinson and Bridge 2013). India and globalization Colonialism always had a great impact on the Globalization. The colonialism occurred in many countries because of which the countries got the forum to do business globally. The advent of the Britishers in India made India a global exporter of Cotton and Spices. It gave rise to the demand for the cotton textile industry. Globalization have the influence in almost all the fields in today`s world. It is having the influence in sports, in economics, in technology, in the blending of the cultures and the even in the fields of charity (Arnold 2015). Even the travel and tourism is has a global impact. It allows the exchange of money, cultures and knowledge about things. It is because of globalization that the business of one country is popular in other country. The Olympics, the FIFA world cup, the organizations such as Red Cross are all outcomes of Globalization. The examples of Globalization in today`s world includes the spread of the cultures of one country across the world. It includes the spread of Greek culture across Africa, Europe and Asia. It was during the reign of Alexander the Great. The use of Silk Road between China and the Mediterranean Sea is the example of globalization. It increased the exchange of not only goods but also the exchange of cultures and knowledge. This development occurred because of the colonialism (AlSayyad 2013). Conclusion Globalization and Colonialism have always remained interlinked. The colonialism had a great impact on the globalization in all regions. The globalization has become an universal phenomenon in today`s world. Starting from education to music to all forms of living the globalization had a huge role to play. The colonial rule had some negative aspects but in spite of that it had a lot of positive aspect as well. The colonial rule helped in the process of globalization. The globalization has become a necessary process in all over the world now. References AlSayyad, N., 2013. Identity, culture and urbanism: remarks from colonialism to globalization.The Territories of Identity: Architecture in the Age of Globalisation. London: Routledge, pp.135-44. Arnold, D., 2015. Globalization and Contingent Colonialism: Towards a transnational history of" British" India.Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History,16(2). Atkinson, R. and Bridge, G., 2013. Globalization and the New Urban Colonialism.The Gentrification Debates: A Reader, pp.51-70. Baylis, J., Owens, P. and Smith, S. eds., 2017.The globalization of world politics: An introduction to international relations. Oxford University Press. Beck, U., 2015.What is globalization?. John Wiley Sons. Black, J., 2015. Book Review: Harry Redner: Beyond Civilization: Society, Culture, and the Individual in the Age of Globalization and Harry Redner: Totalitarianism, Globalization, Colonialism: The Destruction of Civilization since 1914. Black, J., 2015. Totalitarianism, Globalization, Colonialism: The Destruction of Civilization since 1914. Lane, R.J., 2013. Global literary theory: An anthology. Loomba, A., 2015.Colonialism/postcolonialism. Routledge. Mentan, T., 2015.Unmasking social science imperialism: Globalization theory as a phase of academic colonialism. Langaa RPCIG. Payne, M. and Askeland, G.A., 2016.Globalization and international social work: Postmodern change and challenge. Routledge. Redner, H., 2017.Totalitarianism, Globalization, Colonialism: The Destruction of Civilization Since 1914. Routledge. Stein, S. and de Andreotti, V.O., 2016. Cash, competition, or charity: international students and the global imaginary.Higher Education,72(2), pp.225-239. Urbina, M.G., Vela, J.E. and Sanchez, J.O., 2014.Ethnic realities of Mexican Americans:

Odyssey Essays (1705 words) - Odyssey, Greek Mythology, Epic Cycle

Odyssey In book 23 of the Odyssey, reoccurring Homeric themes appear, character's roles change, and a homecoming for an epic hero is finally accomplished. Book 23 may be the one book in this poem that can be related the closest to the poem as a whole. In this book, we see the relationship of a god/goddess and a human being as a reoccurring theme throughout Homers works. This god/human relationship is shown throughout the poem mainly through the actions of Athene, who is trying to assure that Odysseus receives the glorious homecoming that he deserves. Book 23 concludes Odysseus's twenty-year homecoming journey by uniting him with his beloved wife, Penelope. The homecoming that is looked forward to by so many throughout the poem is finalized by the romantic reunion of Odysseus and Penelope This reunion shows a cunning side of Penelope that is almost the same as her husband, Odysseus, shows numerous times throughout the epic. This cunningness by Penelope exhibits a different example of the role of women in the time of the Odyssey. The relationships between humans and gods are looked at numerous times in both the Iliad and the Odyssey. Gods in these poems hurt some humans and help others. The relationship with Odysseus and certain gods is what shapes this epic into what it is. The reason that Odysseus is so misfortunate on his way home is because he angered Poseidon, the god of the sea. Also, the reason that Odysseus eventually received his homecoming is because of the admiration and love of the goddess, Athene. The relationship between Athene and Odysseus is shown in book 23 The goddess, Athene, and Odysseus are two characters that are very similar to one another in their personalities. Both Athene and Odysseus use their intelligence to trick others in thinking that they are somebody else. Odysseus' quick wit seems to be what Athene appreciates most about him. Her appreciation is seen in line 287 of book 8 when she ?smiled on him, and stroked him with her hand? after he made up that long, detailed story to try and trick her. This shows her appreciation for his great ability to deceive. She enjoys how he uses his resourcefulness in making up this story. Athene, once again, helps out Odysseus and Penelope in book 23 when she lengthens the nighttime, because both Penelope and Odysseus are similar in that they are quick-witted and cunning. Athene's help is described by the quote: Now Dawn of the rosy fingers would have dawned on their weeping, had not the gray-eyed goddess Athene planned it otherwise. She held the long night back at the outward edge, she detained Dawn of the golden throne by the Ocean, and would not let her harness her fast-footed horses who bring the daylight to people? (XXIII.241-246). Athene does things to help Odysseus, because she wants him to fulfill his goal and receive his homecoming. Athene has so much respect for Odysseus that she wants to do anything to help him get to his homeland and regain his kingdom and household from the wrath of the suitors. Athene helps Odysseus and his family a number of times throughout the epic in order to do so. Athene even helps Odysseus' son, Telemachos, in the journey that he has in the first four books of the epic. This journey prepares Telemachos for the battle with the suitors. Athene and Odysseus both greatly appreciate one another. Odysseus appreciates Athene for all the help that she gives to him. Athene appreciates Odysseus for his resourcefulness and for being ?far the best of all mortal men for counsel and stories? (VIII.297-298). This shows that Athene likes that Odysseus is a great leader as well as a great deceiver. Many times within the Odyssey, Odysseus either physically disguises himself or tells artful lies i n order to hide his true identity. For example, he does this with Polephemos the Cyclops, with the suitors, and even with his own wife. This is done in order to obtain the righteous homecoming in which he has been striving for. He tricks the Cyclops in order to escape death, and he disguises himself in the presence of the suitors to assure that he is

vasco de gama essays

vasco de gama essays All throughout time Religion has been a significant aspect of all cultures. Religion has been the motivation for many great things, and for many more not so great things. Religions spread and brought in new believers and others converted from one religion to another. For most religions, spreading the word of God is undertaken by missionaries. This also goes for Christianity. The role of the Christian missionary was to spread the word of God to all. The motivation of spreading the word of God was a very large part of western exploration. In addition to spreading the word of God, the accumulation of wealth and thus power were also great factors in motivating people to explore the western world. Portugal took the initiative of western exploration after they successfully expelled the Muslims from the country of Portugal. The power created by such a successful expulsion of outsiders and the religious fervor of missionarys encouraged the rulers of Portugal to seek conquests in Africa. The Portugese rulers were drawn to the possibility of causing harm to the Muslim world and a hunger for wealth(Stearns 34). In 1498, Vasco Da Gama, a mariner from Portugese, left Portugal and set sail for Calicut, India. He was asked why he did so and replied Christians and spices. The mass conversion of people to the religion of Roman Catholicism and the accumulation of spices, fine textiles, and other Asian goods were what drove him to Calicut, India. Vasco Da Gamas desire for Christians and spices was typical for most explorers of the time. Either people went to convert the masses or to find riches or even both(Stearns 150). Not all countries were interested in the spreading of Roman Catholicism as other countries were. The English and Protestant Dutch had little interest in gaining converts to Christianity. Yet the spread of Roman Catholicism was a essential part of the worldwide operation of the Portu...

Architecture That Constitute To The Mood Philosophy Essay

Architecture That Constitute To The Mood Philosophy Essay The character of a space or place is not simply a visual perceptual quality, as is usually assumed. The judgement of the character of an environment is a complex combination of numerous factors which are immediately understood as an overall mood, feeling, ambiance, or atmosphere. Peter Zumthor, who is one of the architects who has acknowledged the significance of architectural mood, says â€Å"I enter a building, see a room, and in a fraction of a second have this feeling about it†. The experience is multi-sensory in its very essence; however it also involves judgements beyond the five Aristotelian senses. The immediate judgement of the character of a space calls for our entire, embodied and existential sense. It could be perceived in a subtle and peripheral manner, rather than through precise and conscious observation. The aim of this dissertation is to identify the factors in architecture that constitute to the mood of a place or space; and also if the factors are universal to all the arts such as music, film, paintings and sculpture. The question sought to be answered is: What are the constituents in a space or place that contribute to the creation of a mood? The majority of the work produced by the three architects selected revolves around this phenomenological field of study. By assessing their individual relevant literary and architectural works, and extracting the common and overlapping qualities, a more profound understanding of this mood is expected to be acquired. Acknowledgments Introduction John Dewey a visionary American philosopher, who already eight decades ago grasped the immediate, embodied, emotive and subconscious essence of experience, articulates the nature of this existential encounter: â€Å"The total overwhelming impression comes first, perhaps in a seizure by a sudden glory of the landscape or by the effect upon us of entrance into a cathedral when dim light, incense, stained glass and majestic proportions fuse in one indisting uishable whole. We say with truth that a painting strikes us. There is an impact that precedes all definite recognition of what it is about.† (Dewey, Art As Experience, page 151) In ancient environmental moods there exist interpersonal moods such as cultural, social, family, work place, etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The mood of a social situation can be supportive or discouraging, liberating or repressing, inspiring or dull. We can even speak of specific moods in the scale of cultural, regional or national entities. We can indeed speak of the mood of the place, which gives it its unique perceptual character and identity. Dewey explains this unifying character as a specific quality as he writes: â€Å"An experience has a unity that gives it its name; that meal, that storm, that rupture of friendship. The existence of the unity is constituted by a single quality that pervades the entire experience in spite of the variations of its constituent parts. This unity is neither emotional, pract ical, nor intellectual, for these terms name distinctions that reflection can make within it.† (Dewey, Art and Its Significance: An Anthology of Aesthetic Theory, page 206) In another context the philosopher reemphasises the reintegrating power of this experiential quality when he writes â€Å"The quality of the whole permits, affects and controls every detail.† As we enter a space the space enters us, and the experience is essentially an exchange and fusion of the object and the subject. Robert Pogue Harrison, the American literary scholar states â€Å"In the fusion of place and soul, the soul is as much of a container of place as place is a container of soul, both are susceptible to the same forces of destruction.†

Choose one a particular subject from the book Essay

Choose one a particular subject from the book - Essay Example The book was written by Linda Diebel who is known for working in order to uncover the human right abuses that are covered by a glossy lie which sabotage the democracy and the freedom. Investigation in the book is linked with a great historical event which was assassination of a great and internationally well known human rights lawyer Digna Ochoa during the year 2001. Book starts with an extensive survey of the political landscape of Mexico which unfolds the upsetting development of death squads which are based in a Canadian tourist destination. The inquiry which was linked with Ochoa’s murder is a very important controversy in the history of human rights and people protecting human rights. Her murder which on the surface was declared a suicide was an obsession for Diebel who knew Digna Ochoa. They were together for about seven years while they were working in Star’s Mexico City bureau. The said book narrates about all the horror and mysterious stories which came out of Central America’s history in. There is a suspicion drawn by Diebel towards government authorities linked with asking too many questions which are an integral part of history. Diebel talks about all the important historical events linked with Ochoa’s death where she herself was present and she recorded the events first hand. Digna Ochoa was demanded dead, on 19th October 2001, she was found shot twice, once in the thigh and once in the head at the office on Mexico City’s Zacatecas street which was located in the rundown Colonia Roma neighborhood. People who were close to Ochoa were not that surprised when they got to know about her sudden death as they were well aware of her practice of law which was extremely risky. She was a scorching and minuscule ex nun who was a pain for the political establishments for several years along with the Mexican army. She had a strong say on the court and was an integral character in the arena of international human rights. She wa s associated with many human rights campaigns on behalf of the accused Zapatistas who were ill treated and tortured by the Mexican army and other cruel clients. Ochoa was an Indian descent and she has a special feel for the Mexico’s indigenous poor and she was an important and crucial character in the cases that were challenging and against the nation’s new post NAFTA economy along with all the impact it was having on the poorest classes negatively (Diebel, n. p.) One week before her murder, Ochoa was in the rugged hill country of Guerrero which was beneath the brooding peaks of the Sierra Madre where she met peasant activists working for the organization of peasant ecologist of the Sierra Petatlan. It talks about the fact how all these people were locked in life and death struggle with the politicians and also the American logging companies. The book clearly reveals how the peasants wanted to stop the forest clearing which was covering the Sierra forest which was extr emely profitable and important for the powerful and the rich class as the trees disappeared throughout the mountain road but it was extremely important peasant ecologists as it was like a life sustaining base for them. Many group members were already arrested on various charges along with many hiding in the caves of Sierra and also the canyons (HarperCollins, n.

Fat Substitute Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fat Substitute - Essay Example The U.S. Food and Drug Administration affirms the safety of using fat-substitutes, however, the warning on fat-modified food by P & G stating "Olestra may cause abdominal cramping and loose stools† raises health concerns over the use of such foods (Glausiusz, 2001). Keeping the obesity statistics in view, fat modified foods are less likely to impact human’s health than does the fattening food itself. Obesity is being identified as a cause of millions of deaths around the globe. Fat-modified food, on the other hand, is not considered to have any known side-effects causing major health issues. The abdominal cramps and upsets are found to be miscalculated and wrongly hypothesized when study of University of North Carolina was conducted over a span of 3200 samples. Akoh, on the other hand, produced low-fat diets that dissolve the fatty acid chains and are said to decrease cholesterol levels significantly. Hence, the different fat substitutes are functioning in various different ways that are not harming health of individuals but rather providing ways to improve their well-being and dietary inconsistencies. The claim on the viability and negative outcomes of fat-modified foods seem to be vague. None of the studies provide a significant and visible deterioration of health. However, in the short run, much of the research conducted shows positive impact on human health, reduced cholesterol levels and maintenance of people’s food cravings with the tastes that they ever admired. Hence, fat-modified food provides a substitute to the unhealthy and high-fat diets causing physical, mental, medical, emotional and social disruptions in the wider

Understanding Marketing Activities Essay Example for Free

Understanding Marketing Activities Essay Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre at Drummoyne, is the only place in Sydney where you can shop whilst enjoying the spectacular views of Sydney Harbour and browse through a huge range of your favorite fashion, food and lifestyle brands. Birkenhead Point is Sydney’s original factory outlet centre, a site rich with heritage: the development of Birkenhead Point can be dated back to the early 1800’s. More recently, Birkenhead Point is renowned for offering top designer labels at up to 70% off regular retail prices. Direct Factory Outlet (DFO) : is the name for a economy group of discount shopping centres in Australia. They are large-floor warehouse buildings containing partitioned stores where retail outlets sell excess or previous seasons stocks at reduced prices. Introduction of Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre: Birkenhead is an awesome place to go shopping on a sunny day. You know those days which are just too gorgeous to spend inside a concrete box, but you just have to go shopping for something? Well Birkenhead is the place. Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre at Drummoyne, is the only place in Sydney where you can shop whilst enjoying the spectacular views of Sydney Harbour and browse through a huge range of your favorite fashion, food and lifestyle brands. Birkenhead Point is Sydneys original factory outlet centre, a site rich with heritage; the development of Birkenhead Point can be dated back to the early 1800s. More recently, Birkenhead Point is renowned for offering top designer labels at up to 70% off regular retail prices. Increasingly expanded, Birkenhead has a great range of clothes and general goods stores. Marketing Activities undertaken by â€Å"Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre† These projects will complement the ground floor works that were completed in late 2012 with expanded walkways, increased store sizes, easier mall access, and integrated connectivity for ease of navigation around the centre, new bathrooms, new flooring, along with a host of new tenants opening their doors. These improvements created new interest with local shoppers returning to Birkenhead Point for their everyday shopping needs and personal services. With over 120 retailers on board and an increasing range of new dining options the new initiative at Birkenhead Point is raising the bar for outlet centre retailing, said Gerard McSpadden, National Asset Manager from Abacus Property Group. â€Å"Birkenhead Point is really paving the way forward with the third stage of redevelopment, exceeding the expectations of the modern day shopping experience,† continued Gerard. Promotional Activities of Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre Birkenhead shopping and leisure centre with new and deterring potential criminal activity. The bus station was . need to be clearly defined, namely: A developing interchange is a promotional .. †¢ Expanding and modernising the overall ambience of the existing food court balcony and marina promenade making way for a new waterfront restaurant and bar and improved food court dining facilities; †¢ The addition of a new major supermarket on the Marina Promenade level with new travelators to connect to this store from the Ground Floor; †¢ Increased open space and overall enhancements within the Endeavour Mall fashion precinct along with improved connectivity and access between level one and level two via dual pedestrian ramps; †¢ New sets of travelators from the ground floor entrance from the Coles car park which will connect to the mezzanine level car park above. Now at over 28,000m2 the redevelopment has also improved shoppers’ experience while visiting the c entre through increasing the amount of natural light and enhancing the sense of ‘space’. This clearly breaks away from the traditional retail setting seen in other centres which can be enclosed and dark. Marketing Concept does practice? The marketing concept relies upon marketing research to define market segments, their size, and their needs. To satisfy those needs, the marketing team makes decisions about the controllable parameters of the marketing mix. The concept of marketing has evolved over the time. 1. Production concept : this concept suggest to do mass production, in order to make the product cheap and easily available in the market. Base of this concept is that if the product is cheap and easily available then people will buy it. Potential competitors: In the area of Sydney, that is the place where you can find those top designer labels and signature clothing shops . Many of the top designer labels have been reduced up to 70% less than the regular retail price, so you’ll be sure to grab a bargain. There are plenty of high end labels here, including Alannah Hill, Witchery, Hugo Boss Factory Store and Mimco. As the Birkenhead Point Outlet Centre sells the designer and signature clothes as low as 70% percent that is why most of the consumers prefer to buy there because it is more cheaper. Does the factory outlet plays an important role in goods and retailing: Yes, I agree Some of the key features of the site that are worth noting include an easy-to navigate-store finder for the convenience of shoppers, and a store directory which allows patrons to easily find their favorite stores through types of category and a store map. This shows exactly where a particular store is located in the mall. And the VIP section gives users a sneak preview of some of the latest discounts that they can benefit from right through the mall. It also gives customers the opportunity to sign up to the email file in order to received special member-only discounts. To what extent does the factory outlet can pose a threat to conventional retailers? Nowadays, all the factory has been putting their lowest price to discount all the clothes they sell so that the consumers will buy it. It will be a big threat for those who franchise a store in their business with their regular price because instead of buying a regular price on the store,the consumer will find a factory sale choose the factory selling more discount instead at the conventional store who sells their regulars prices because it is more cheaper and more stocks. The advantages and disadvantages of selling a wide range of products in one shop against a shop selling only one line product? Businesses uses a range of different means to get their product/service to the customer. Obviously, it is important that you choose a means of distribution that is right for your market while at the same time being aware of alternatives that might gain you access to further markets.

Lets Put an End to Parking Problems! Essay -- Argumentative Persuasiv

Let's Put an End to Parking Problems!    I would like to see the parking and traffic crunch on and around this campus eased. Unless a student arrives before 8 o'clock in the morning or in the afternoon, cruising the parking lots or streets for a place to park is routine. Even buying a parking sticker does not mean you will have the privilege of a space. Competition for spaces during the rush hours of 9 A.M. to 11 A.M. is cutthroat. Would-be parkers stake out sections of a parking row and sit in their cars hoping someone in their section will leave. The other ploy is to try and catch someone who is just walking back to their car in order to plead for that space. lf these tricks fail, the only thing left is to park far away on the street and walk.      There would seem to me to be several ways to help the situation. The most obvious of these solutions is to increase the amount of parking available. Another solution is to make car pooling more attractive. Set aside space in a convenient lot for these cars with three or more occupants. Perhaps another incentive...

The Significance of Art in The Republic of Plato

The Republic of Plato as parasols the justice of a censored society which, in reading The Republic as a philosophical treatise, is not surprising. Quotes abound in The Republic supporting this claim, such as â€Å"we must supervise the makers of tales; and if they make a fine tale, it must be approved, but if it's not, it must be rejected. We'll persuade nurses and mothers to tell the approved tales to their children and to shape their souls with tales more than their bodies with hands. Most of those they now tell must be thrown out. Bloom, Bibb)' Through-out the education of the guardians of the city within The Republic, Socrates restricts the poets and story tellers more and more, tossing out what ever would seem to harm his perfectly Just city or diminish the patriotism of those living within. It comes as no surprise that the casual reader may have qualms with this extreme censorship of the artist and what they are permitted to create. A closer reading and an Idea of the social s ignificance of the artist 2500 years ago, seems to reveal a different Intent to Socrates seemingly stubborn pollen of art.Plato was an artist himself, writing beautiful dramatic dialogues, which are most unlike the more modern philosophers like Kant or Hegel who write philosophical treatise. This distinction becomes important in how Plato Is read in comparison to other philosophers. In the mainstream philosophy of our time the most common way to read a philosopher's writing is through a collection of excerpts from many writers on a certain topic. These books are great for getting a lot of different views but unfortunately they destroy the messages contained in non philosophical treatise type writing, such as Plat's.Flats writing can not be taken out of context with excerpts. It would be Like taking Machete's speech from Shakespeare play Macbeth and saying that Is Shakespearean philosophy on the meaning of life, It simply does not do Justice to the writer and their work. The Republic Is about searching for Justice In the human soul, it is also about leading Glaucoma away from a political life because he has a possibly tyrannical soul (Palmer, 33-34)2. The arguments used to bring about these two points cannot be taken out of context from the book to portray a different theory of Plates.The prejudices against Plates philosophical writings usually come from taking an excerpt and applying logical analysis to prove his arguments invalid which simply displays a lack of understanding of how Plato writes. How Socrates came to talk to those in the dialogues, why he is talking to them, and what is not said is Just as important as what Is said in the Platonic dialogues, they are all dramas and should be read as such. Now that we have some reasons for doubting the common criticism of Plates views on art from The Republic.I would like to demonstrate specific reasons for doubting sides to bring about the perfectly Just city in speech and follow up with Socrates own criticism of this city and his reasons for doubting its relevance. The city in speech brought about with The Republic begins with the end of Socrates seeming refutation of Trashcans which Glaucoma rejects and restates the argument for further scrutiny (AAA-361 d). The argument is over whether it is a better life to live perfectly Just or perfectly unjust.Glaucoma states the argument as such â€Å"For I desire to hear what each is and what power it has all alone by itself when t is in the soul†dismissing its wages and its consequences. â€Å"(Bloom, Bibb) After some convincing, Socrates accepts the challenge to defend Justice (ICC). In taking on this feet, Socrates contrives an easier way to spot Justice in the soul. He claims that justice in the soul is like small letters and hard to see while Justice in a city is like big letters and will be easier to see (ICC-d). So Socrates sets out to creating a perfectly just city in speech to flush out Justice in the soul.Whether or not this is a decent attempt to find Justice will be dealt with later by Socrates himself. The first city created, or the first stage of the city, is based on a â€Å"city of utmost necessity' and grows only to the size of a small city (Palmer, 16; Bibb-371 b). Glaucoma rejects this simple city and wants one with more luxury (ICC-d). Socrates believes the first city created was the true and healthy city but he agrees to create a â€Å"feverish† city (IEEE). This forces the city to grow much larger and to take land away from neighbors to support it and, in doing so the city will need an army (37th-e).Attendants urges for a discussion of how these â€Å"guardians† of the city will be educated and reluctantly Socrates accepts and says like men telling myths within a myth we will educate the guardians (Palmer, 16; 37th). Socrates, in his own creation of this city in speech, is claiming here that he is telling a myth, and further, that the education of the guardians is a myth within a myth. This, ironically, is the beginning of the education of the guardians in which Socrates brings about his famed censorship.Socrates continues to give clues to his disapproval of his own argument, as if he is just putting on a show at this point. After discovering Justice in the city, Socrates ants to find out if it corresponds to Justice in the soul, remember the big and small letters. Socrates says â€Å"We were, I believe, saying that in order to get to the finest possible look at these things another and longer road around would be required, and to the man who took it they would become evident, but that proofs on a level with what had been said up to then could be tacked on.And you all said that would suffice. And so, you see, the statements made at that time were, as it looks to me, deficient in precision. If they were satisfactory to you, only you can tell. â€Å"(Bloom, Bibb; n reference to Dodd) Amazingly, Glaucoma accepts what Socrates called a deficient argument on both occasions, although the serious reader probably should not. (As Palmer, 23, remarks: â€Å"Heretofore, the arguments were so lacking in precision that they may have been without any value whatsoever (AAA-b). ) Socrates to tell how it could come into being (471 c-e). Glaucoma forgets, as most readers do, that the city was not created for the purpose of creating a city but for discovering Justice in the human soul. Socrates reminds him, in length, of his mistake and what the true purpose of the city is (Bibb-Bibb). Glaucoma's demand that the good city in speech be realized measures exactly the degree to which he has not understood the Republic. (Penetrate, 123)3 As seems to be true for anyone who believes Socrates was trying to create a true city, and therefore, any regulations Socrates makes within this city. Further evidence for this is evident later on when Glaucoma declares that the philosophers will not mind the business of politics because he finally understands the nonsen sical nature of the city. But, Socrates again reminds him of what they were really talking about and that the philosopher will mind the equines of the city within himself, he will mind the business of his own soul (Palmer, 32).Although the city in speech within The Republic does not seem to represent a real city and should not be taken as a literal attempt to create a perfectly Just city in reality, the fact remains that Plato does seem to be very hard on the artist, especially the poets. The image of the cave sets up mankind as looking at the shadows of artifacts displayed on the wall of a cave by the poets (Palmer, 28; AAA-51 AAA). This gives good reason for Socrates being so hard on them in the creation of the city in beech if the poets are the ones deceiving mankind.Today, of course, poets are not an influence on political life and it would seem ridiculous to accuse them of writing false poems. In Athens and ancient Greek culture, the poets were a major influence. They were the authority on the gods and on virtue. In fact, they were the only authority that would be quoted in a trial or by a representative of the people. They would be very well known by almost all inhabitants of Athens. â€Å"The poets are the unacknowledged legislators of mankind† (Penetrate, 223). It was not the arts homeless which Plato was attacking but their significance in politics.Plato was attempting to replace the poet's authority with the authority of philosophy or of reason, which would seem most natural to anyone today. Plat's true intent in his criticism of the poets is brought up later on in The Republic when in book X he attacks Homer specifically. He compares Homer to the likes of an artisan that makes objects or anything he wants including gods through representation (ICC). Glaucoma claims that this man could only be a sophist (59th). The implicit problem that Socrates poses with the poet is that he does not give an explanation of himself.Homer talks about virtuous p eople and the fantastic deeds they do but these heroes do not praise the poets for their deeds. The poet seems to have no place in his own writing and their â€Å"Speech seems to be subordinate to the deed. † Of the people they are praising (Bloom, 430). Socrates claims that the poet is an imitator of an imitator, in that, the poet appeals to the people and what they want and is only popular if they approve, he must follow the popular view. The people's view is shaped by the legislator who lays down laws in view of what he believes would be natural law (Bloom, 432).

Dissolved Oxygen Essay

Oxygen in Liquids (DISSOLVED OXYGEN) Dissolved Oxygen – the amount of dissolved oxygen in a body of water as an indication of the degree of the health of water and its ability to support a balanced aquatic ecosystem. Oxygen – is a clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas that dissolves in water. Small but important amounts of it are dissolved in water. OXYGEN: Aquatic Life Depends on it Plants and Animals depend on dissolved oxygen for survival. Lack of dissolved oxygen can cause aquatic animals to leave quickly they are or face death. Factors Affecting Oxygen Levels Temperature Rate of Photosynthesis Degree of Light Penetration (turbidity & water depth) Degree of Water Turbulence or Wave action The amount of oxygen used by respiration and decay of organic matter Oxygen in the Balance Dissolved Oxygen levels that are at 90% and 110% saturation level or higher consistently considered healthy or good. If the Dissolved Oxygen are below 90%, there may be large amounts of oxygen demanding materials. What Is Dissolved Oxygen In Water? Dissolved oxygen in water is vital for underwater life. It is what aquatic creatures need to breathe. Why Is Dissolved Oxygen Important? Just as we need air to breathe, aquatic organisms need dissolved oxygen to respire. It is necessary for the survival of fish, invertebrates, bacteria, and underwater plants. How Is Dissolved Oxygen Measured? Dissolved oxygen concentration can be reported as milligrams per liter, parts per million, or as percent air saturation. Polarographic Cell It is very similar to the galvanic cell. However, the polarographic cell has two noble-metal electrodes and requires a polarizing voltage to reduce the oxygen. The dissolved oxygen in the sample diffuses through the membrane into the electrolyte, which usually is an aqueous KC1 solution. If there is a constant polarizing voltage (usually 0.8 V) across the electrodes, the oxygen is reduced at the cathode, and the resulting current How is proportional to the oxygen content of the electrolyte. This current flow is detected as an indication of oxygen content. Galvanic Cell All galvanic cells consist of an electrolyte and two electrodes (Figure 8.43c). The oxygen content of the electrolyte is equalized with that of the sample. The reaction is spontaneous; no external voltage is applied. In this reaction, the cathode reduces the oxygen into hydroxide, thus releasing four electrons for each molecule of oxygen. These electrons cause a current flow through the electrolyte.. The magnitude of the current flow is in proportion to the oxygen concentration in the electrolyte. Flow through Cells In the flow-through cells, the process sample stream is bubbled through the electrolyte. The oxygen concentration of the electrolyte is therefore in equilibrium with the sample’s oxygen content, and the resulting ion current between the electrodes is representative of this concentration. These types of cells are usually provided with sampling consisting of (but not limited to) filtering and scrubbing components and flow, pressure, and temperature regulators. Thallium Cell Thallium cells are somewhat unique in their operating principle and cannot be classified into the category of either galvanic or polarographic cells. At the same time, they are of the electrochemical type. One thallium-electrode cell design is somewhat similar in appearance to the unit illustrated on Figure 8.43c except that it has no membrane or electrolyte. This cell has a thallium outer-ring electrode and an inner reference electrode. When oxygen contacts the thallium, the potential developed by the cell is a function of  the thallous ion concentration at the face of the electrode, and the ion concentration is in proportion to the concentration of dissolved oxygen. Fluorescence-based Sensor In this case, a compound containing ruthenium is immobilized in a gas-permeable matrix called a sol-gel. Sol-gels are very low-density, silica-based matrices suitable for immobilizing chemical compounds such as the ruthenium compound used in this measurement technique. Effectively, the sol-gel is equivalent to the membrane in a conventional DO sensor. Using fiber optics, light from a light-emitting diode is transferred to the backside of the sol-gel coating. The emitted fluorescence is collected from the backside of the sol-gel with another optical fiber and its intensity is detected by photodiode. A simplified sensor design is shown in Figure 8.43g. If no oxygen is present, the intensity of the emitted light will be at its maximum value. If oxygen is present, the fluorescence will be quenched, and the emitted intensity will decrease. Twinkler Titration The Winkler Method is a technique used to measure dissolved oxygen in freshwater systems. Dissolved oxygen is used as an indicator of the health of a water body, where higher dissolved oxygen concentrations are correlated with high productivity and little pollution. Temperature Effects Pressure Effects Salinity Effects Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a measure of the oxygen used by microorganisms to decompose this waste. If there is a large quantity of organic waste in the water supply, there will also be a lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste. In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD levels will begin to decline. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is a measure for the quantity of oxygen required for the biodegradation of organic matter (carbonaceous demand) in water.It can also indicate the amount of oxygen used to oxidise reduced forms of nitrogen (nitrogenous demand), unless their oxidation is prevented by an inhibitor. A test is used to measure the amount of oxygen consumed by these organisms during a specified period of time (usually 5 days at 20 ÌŠÌŠÌŠÌŠC). Classification: BOD is devided in two parts which is Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand and the Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand. Carbonaceous Oxygen Demand – it is the amount of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms during decomposing carbohydrate material. Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand – it is the amount of oxygen consumed by the microorganisms during decomposing nitrogenous materials. Relationship of DO and BOD If the Dissolve Oxygen (DO) of a water is high, the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)is low. If the BOD of the water is hight, the DO is low.Therefore DO and BOD is inversely Proportional to each other. Why we should need to know BOD? BOD directly affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in rivers and streams. The greater the BOD, the more rapidly oxygen is depleted in the stream. This means less oxygen is available to higher forms of aquatic life. The consequences of high BOD are the same as those for low dissolved oxygen: aquatic organisms become stressed, suffocate, and die. Knowledge of oxygen utilization of a polluted water supply is important because: 1. It is the measure of the pollution load, relative to oxygen utilization by other life in the water; 2. It is the means for predicting progress of aerobic decomposition and the amount of self-purification taking place; 3. It is the measure of the oxygen demand load removal efficiency by different treatment process. Factors that contributes to variations in BOD The Seed Is the bacterial culture that affects the oxidation of materials in the sample. If the biological seed is not acclimated to the particular wastewater, erroneous results are frequently obtained. pH The BOD results are also greatly affected by the pH of the sample, especially if it is lower than 6.5 or higher than 8.3. In order to achieve uniform conditions, the sample should be buffered to a pH of about 7. Temperature Standard test condition calls for a temperature of 20 ÌŠC (68 ÌŠF). field tests often require operation at other temperatures and, consequently, the results tend to vary unless temperature corrections are applied. Toxicity The presence of toxic materials may result increase in the BOD value as a specific sample is dilluted for the BOD test.Consistent value may be obtained either by removing the toxic materials from the sample or By developing a seed that is compatible with the toxic material in the sample. Incubation Time The usual standard lab test incubation time is 5 days, results may occur at a flat part or occur at a steeply rising portion.Depending on the type of seed and the type of oxidable material, divergent result can be expected. Nitrification In the usual course BOD test, the oxygen consumption rises steeply at the beginning of the test owing to attack on carbohydrate materials. Another sharp increase in oxygen utilization occurs sometime during 10th to 15th day in those samples containing nitrogenous materials. How we determine or measure BOD? Five-Day BOD Procedure The BOD test takes 5 days to complete and is performed using a dissolved oxygen test kit. The BOD level is determined by comparing the DO level of a water sample taken immediately with the DO level of a water sample that has been incubated in a dark location for 5 days. The difference between the two DO levels represents the amount of oxygen required for the decomposition of any organic material in the sample and is a good approximation of the BOD level. Test procedures: 1. Take 2 samples of water 2. Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately using the method described in the dissolved oxygen test. 3. Place the second water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20oC for 5days. If you don’t have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20 ÌŠC or 68  °F). 4. After 5 days, take another dissolved oxygen reading (ppm) using the dissolved oxygen test kit. 5. Subtract the Day 5 reading from the Day 1 reading to determine the BOD level. Record your final BOD result in ppm. Note: Generally, when BOD levels are high, there is a decline in DO levels. This is because the demand for oxygen by the bacteria is high and they are taking that oxygen from the oxygen dissolved in the water. If there is no organic waste present in the water, there won’t be as many bacteria present to decompose it and thus the BOD will tend to be lower and the DO level will tend to be higher. At high BOD levels, organisms such as macro  invertebrates that are more tolerant of lower dissolved oxygen may appear and become numerous. Organisms that need higher oxygen levels) will NOT survive. Extended BOD Test Continuation of BOD test beyond 5 days shows a continuing oxygen demand, with a sharp increase in BOD rate at the 10th day owing to nitrification. The latter process involves biological attack on nitrogenous organic material accompanied by an increase in BOD rate. The oxygen demand continues at a uniform rate for an extended time. Manometric BOD Test In the manometric procedure, the seeded sample is confined in a closed system that includes an appreciable amount of air . As the oxygen in the water is depleted, it is replenish by the gas phase. A potassium hydroxide (KOH) absorber within the system removes any gaseous carbon dioxide generated by bacterial action. The oxygen removed from the air phase results in a drop in pressure that is that is removed with a manometer. This fall is then related to the BOD of the sample. Electrolysis System for BOD The measuring principle for all electrolytic respirometers is quite similar. As micro-organisms respire they use oxygen converting the organic carbon in the solution to CO2 gas, which is absorbed to alkali. This causes a reduction in the gas pressure, which can be sensed with various sensors or membranes. A small current is created in electrolysis cell and this generates oxidation/reduction reactions in the electrolysis cell and oxygen is formed at the anode. Electrolysis of water can supply oxygen to a closed system as incubation proceeds . At constant current, the time during which electrolysis generates the oxygen to keep the system pressure constant is a direct measure of the oxygen demand. The amount of oxygen produced by the electrolysis correlates with the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Is the standard method for indirect measurements of the amount of pollution in a sample of water that cannot be oxidized biologically. Is based on the chemical decomposition of organic and inorganic contaminants, dissolved or suspended in water. Why Measure Chemical Oxygen Demand? It is often measured as a rapid indicator for organic pollutant in water. Normally measured in both municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and gives an indication of the efficiency of the treatment process. It is measured on both influent and effluent water. Standard Dichromate COD Procedure A sample is heated to its boiling point with known amounts of sulfuric acid and potassium dichromate. The loss of water is minimized by the reflux condenser. After 2 h, the solution is cooled, and the amount of dichromate that reacted with oxidizable material in the water sample is determined by titrating the excess potassium dichromate with ferrous sulfate. Dichromate consumed is calculated as to oxygen equivalent for the sample and stated as milligrams of oxygen per liter of sample (ml/l). Factors preventing the concordance of BOD values to COD values: Many organic materials are oxidizable by dichromate but not biochemically oxidizable, and vice versa. For example, pyridine, benzene, and ammonia are not attacked by the dichromate procedure. A number of inorganic substances such as sulfide, sulfites, thiosulfates, nitrites, and ferrous iron are oxidized by dichromate, creating an inorganic COD that is misleading when estimating the organic content of wastewater. Although the factor of seed acclimation will give erroneously low results on the BOD tests, COD results are not dependent on acclimation. Chlorides interfere with the COD analysis, and their effect must be minimized in order to obtain consistent results. The standard procedure provides for only a limited amount of chlorides in the sample. This is usually accomplished by diluting the sample to achieve a lower chloride concentration and interference. This can be a problem for low COD  concentration samples, as the dilution may dilute the COD concentration below the detection level or to levels at which accuracy and repeatability are poor. COD Detector The term COD usually refers to the laboratory dichromate oxidation procedure, although it has also been applied to other procedures that differ greatly from the dichromate method but which do involve chemical reaction. These methods have been embodied in instruments both for manual operation in the laboratory and for automatic operation online. They have the distinct advantage of reducing analysis time from days (5-day BOD) and hours (dichromate, respirometer) to minutes. Automatic On-Line Designs Takes a 5 cc sample from the flowing process stream. Injects it into the reflux chamber after mixing it together with dilution water (if any) agents. One ozone-based scheme enriches dilution water with and with two reagents: dichromate solution and sulfuric acid. The reagents also contain an oxidation catalyst (silver sulfate) and a chemical that complexes chlorides in the solution (mercuric sulfate). The mixture is boiled at 302 °F (150 °C) by the heater. Vapors are condensed by the cooling water in the reflux condenser. During which the dichromate ions are reduced to trivalent chromic ions, as the oxygen demanding organics are oxidized in the sample. The chromic ions give the solution a green color. The COD concentration is measured by detecting the amount of dichromate converted to chromic ions by measuring the intensity of the green color through a fiber-optic detector. The microprocessor-controlled package is available with automatic zeroing, calibration, and flushing features. Sampling and Traditional Parameter Parameter Limit Value Sampling: pH, Standard Units 6.0 – 9.0 Traditional Parameters: Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) ≠¤ 30 ppm Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) ≠¤ 200 ppm COD has a large value than BOD because BOD measurement is based only in decomposition of organic matter while COD measures the decomposition of both organic and Inorganic compound. Sources of Error Cause of using nonhomogeneous sample is the largest error. Use of volumetric flasks and volumetric pipettes with a large bore. Oxidizing agent must be precisely measured. Make sure that the vials are clean and free of air bubbles. Always read the bottom of the meniscus at eye level. Total Oxygen Demand (TOD) The quantitative measurement of the amount of oxygen used to burn the impurities in a liquid sample. Thus, it is a direct measure of the oxygen demand of the sample. Measurement is by continuous analysis of the concentration of oxygen in a combustion process gas effluent. A quantitative measurement of all oxidizable material in a sample water or wastewater as determined instrumentally by measuring the depletion of oxygen after high-temperature combustion. BOD and COD have long time cycles. COD use corrosive reagents with the inherent problem of disposal. Analysis is faster, approximately 3 min, and uses no liquid reagents in its analysis. Can be correlated to both COD and BOD. Unaffected by the presence of inorganic carbon. Also indicate noncarbonaceous materials that consume or contribute oxygen Since the actual measurement is oxygen consumption. Reflects the oxidation state of the chemical compound. TOD Analyzer The oxidizable components in a liquid sample introduce into the combustion tube are converted to their stable oxides by a reaction that disturbs the oxygen equilibrium in the carrier gas steam. The momentary depletion in the oxygen concentration in the carrier gas is detected by an oxygen detector and recorded as a negative oxygen peak. Sample Valves Sliding Plate Upon a signal from a cycle timer, the air actuator temporarily moves the valve to its â€Å"sample fill† position. At the same time, an air-operated actuator moves a 20-ul sample through the valve into the combustion tube. A stream of oxygen-enriched nitrogen carrier gas moves the slug of sample into the combustion tube. Rotary Sampling Valve A motor continuously rotates a sampling head, which contains a built-in sampling syringe. For part of the time, the tip of the syringe is over a trough that contains the flowing sample. 2 or more cam ramps along the rotational path cause the syringe plunger to rise and fall, thus rinsing the sample chamber. Just before the syringe reaches the combustion tube, it picks up a 20-ul sample. As it rotates over the combustion tube, it discharges the sample. Oxygen Detectors Platinum-lead Fuel Cell Fuel Cell – Generates a current in proportion to the oxygen content of the carrier gas passing through it. Before entering the cell, the gas is scrubbed in a potassium hydroxide solution, both to remove acid gases and other harmful combustion products to humidify the gas. The oxygen cell and the scrubber are located in a temperature-controlled compartment. The fuel cell output is monitored and zeroed to provide a constant baseline. The output peaks are linearly proportionate to the reduced concentration of oxygen in the carrier gas as a result of the sample’s TOD. Yttrium-doped Zirconium Oxide Ceramic Tube Coated on both sides with a porous layer of platinum. It is maintained at an elevated temperature and also provides an output that represents the reduction in oxygen concentration in the carrier gas that is a result of the sample’s TOD. The operation of these oxygen detectors involves the ionization of oxygen in both a sample and a known reference gas stream. When the sample and reference gas streams come in contact with the electrode surfaces, oxygen ionizes into O-2 ions. The oxygen ion concentrations in each stream is a function of the partial pressure of oxygen in the stream. The potential at each electrode will depend on the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas stream. The electrode with higher potential (higher oxygen concentration) will generate oxygen ions, whereas the electrode with lower potential (lower oxygen concentration) will convert oxygen ions to oxygen molecules. Calibration Analysis is by comparison of peak heights or areas to a standard calibration curve. To prepare this curve, known TOD concentrations of a primary standard (KHP) are prepared in distilled and deionized water. Standard solutions are stable for several weeks at room temperature. Water solutions of other organic compounds can also be used as standards. Several analyses can be made at each calibration concentration, and the resulting data are recorded as parts per million (ppm) TOD vs. peak height or area. Applications: Correlation: Many regulatory agencies recognize as the basis for oxygen-depleting pollution control only BOD or COD (preferably BOD) measurements of pollution load, because they are concerned with the pollution load on receiving waters, which is related to lowering the DO due to bacterial activity. If other methods described are to be used to satisfy legal requirements of pollution load in effluents or to measure BOD removal, it is important to establish a correlation between the other methods and BOD or COD (preferably BOD). Salient Features: a measurement of property of the sample, i.e. the amount of oxygen required for bacterial oxidation of bacterial food in the water, the BOD dependence of the oxygen demand on the nature of the food as well as on its quantity dependence of the oxygen demand on the nature and amount of the bacteria Another extensive study concluded the following: (1) A reliable statistical correlation between BOD and COD of a wastewater and its corresponding TOD can frequently be achieved, particularly when the organic strength is high and the diversity in dissolved organic constituents is low. (2) The relationship is best described by a least squares regression with the degree of fit expressed by the correlation coefficient (3) The observed correspondence of COD-TOD was better than that of COD-BOD for the wastewaters. (4) The BOD-COD ratio of an untreated wastewater is indicative of the biological treatment possible with the particular wastewater. Comparison: COMPARISON BOD COD TOD Definition The oxygen required when a population of bacteria causes the oxidation reaction in a population of bacteria. The oxygen equivalent when the oxidation is carried out with a chemical oxidizing reagent such as potassium dichromate. The oxygen equivalent when oxidation is caused by heating the sample in a furnace in the presence of a catalyst and oxygen. Analyzer Utilize bacteria to oxidize the pollutants Measured through chemical oxidation and catalytic combustion techniques Oxidize the sample in a catalyzed thermal combustion process and detect both the organic and inorganic impurities in a sample Response-Range 5 days – 30 mg/L 2 hours – 250-500 ppm 3 minutes – 100-100,000 mg/L Inaccuracy-Cost 3 – 20% / $500 – $20,000 2 – 10% / $8,00 – $20,000 2 – 5% / $5,000 – $20,000

The Consequences of Globalization on The Nation State †Economics Essay

The Consequences of Globalization on The Nation State – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers The Consequences of Globalization on The Nation State Economics Essay In order to answer this question, I will first explore the main theories regarding the role of the nation state within today’s global economic order, to gain an understanding of the academically accepted view regarding the question. I will then go on to identify what is meant by the term ‘political power’, and investigate how each part of this is affected by the process of globalization. It is important to note that each nation state has been affected by the process in different ways, dependent upon the strength of the state. For the purposes of this essay I will use two examples, placing them in the loose categories of ‘Western European’ and ‘Newly Industrialising Countries’. Firstly then, let us look at two of the main hypotheses surrounding the question of the power of nation states in a global age. Some commentators argue that the process of globalization is nothing new, indeed it is a continuation of the period pre-1914, which had it self been an accumulation of progress for several centuries. Some upholders of this view believe that since the end of the cold war, alliances and oppositions between industrialised states is obsolete, and therefore erases the need and validity of the nation state. As Gray points out, though, their are major differences between today’s economic order and that of the pre-1914 world, and these differences discredit nation state power disappearing as a stage of an evolution. The international market before the outbreak of the First World War was relatively ordered, with goods mostly flowing from colonies to the western powers, yet today the balance of advantage has swung to a number of different areas of economic acti vity. Also, today’s economy cannot be managed as efficiently, or indeed as predictably, under the risks and uncertainties of a global economic and finance network, as was able under the Gold Standard. National States still have their place, yet their job becomes more difficult. A rival school of thought recognises the novelty of the global market, yet also hold that the phenomenon has rendered the nation state irrelevant. ‘Hyper globalization’ theories see the transnational corporation becoming rootless, and as such able to move freely around the world in order to maximise profits, thus eclipsing the nation state. â€Å" Like a mothball, which goes from solid to gas directly, I expect the nation state to evaporate†¦ without question, the role of the nation state will change dramatically and there will be no more room for nationalism than there is for smallpox.† Such companies, it is argued, act out of self interest determining such things as interest rates, exchange rates and the allocation of capital. From this stand point transnational companies (TNC’s) take political power into their own hands, and increasingly citizen’s wishes are subjugated to the wishes of ‘big business.’ Gray also argues against this theory, by explaining the still present relationship of TNC’s and their ‘home’ countries. Most TNC’s retain strong links in their country of origin, even whilst dividing production globally. Ownership and executive boards are based in the country of origin, and a large percentage of sales are made in the ‘home’ country. With these ‘all encompassing’ theories discredited, we must now look at more discreet ways in which globalization is effecting the political power of the nation state. In order to do this coherently, it is first important to understand what exactly is meant by the ‘political power of the nation state’. Beck gives us a good definition to work with: â€Å"The central task of politics†¦is to define the basic legal, social and ecological conditions under which economic activity first becomes possible and legitimate.† I will argue that globalization has the effect of reversing this equation by subjugating the needs of law, society and ecology to those of the economy. Nation states are in competition with each other to secure investment, and only the state which offers the lowest costs will secure the interest of the company. There are three ways in which states offer competitiveness, through low taxes (law), deregulation (all three areas) and by shrinking the welfare state (social). The promise of investment, or the threat of withdrawal means that TNC’s now have â€Å"significant leverage on the policy options of the national government.† These companies can now â€Å"limit the politics of state† An example of how the needs of the economy take priority over a nations law is the tax demands made by TNC’s. As Beck points out, the principle of levying taxes is the main principle underlying the nation state. It gives the government of said state authority to organise the economic activity of the country. The power of TNC’s and the extent of globalization means that a company can produce goods in one country, pay taxes in another, and demand infrastructural improvement in yet another. The effect this has is to create large profits for companies, but of which nothing is paid back into the national economy, thus the rise in wealth of companies becomes grossly disproportionate to the rise in wealth of the ‘home’ country. Beck gives us some examples of this based on Germany. From 1997-2000 corporate profits rose 90%, whereas wages rose by only 6%. Between 1990 and 2000 income tax revenue has doubled, whereas corporate tax has fallen by 50%. â€Å"The glad iators of economic growth who are so courted by politicians erode the authority of the state by demanding its services whilst denying it tax revenue.† The recent rolling back of social welfare programmes in much of western Europe is another consequence of the global economy, and the erosion of political power of nation states. As mentioned above, in order for a country to be competitive on a global scale, it must offer a company low costs, and this includes labour costs, as well as such programmes such as pensions and insurance. Since 1973 there has been a downturn in the international economy which has resulted in a stagnation/recovery cycle, and therefore instability. Yet there has not been a 1944 style conference to deal with the problem, instead there has been a drive to oust the welfare state, due to its uncompetitive nature . Gray argues that countries with social democratic ideologies are incompatible with globalization, as they install too many responsibilities upon TNC’s, (this, coincidentally, is why firms from the USA have the advantage) but they also rely on the assumption of a closed economy in order to survive. By policies of social democracy, Gray is referring to policies of full employment, a comprehensive welfare state and egalitarian tax policies, as well ideals of equality. In a practical sense, he argues, in an open economy it is impossible to regulate the implementation, or to enforce, programmes of equality and justice. The final sector of political power to examine then is that of creating favourable ecological conditions. This again takes us to the issue of deregulation, and nations competing for investment. Even in this era of increased environmental damage, nations cannot afford to impose policies which add the cost of such damage to the companies creating it. These extra costs will be reflected in prices, whilst companies incurring the costs are competing on a global stage with enterprises who do not. The only possible consequence is that capital will migrate to less regulated areas of the world. Pollution will still occur, yet the regulating country loses the investment. We can see from all of these examples that economic pressure causes by the globalization of industry forces national governments to place the priorities of the economy above those of other policies intended to protect citizens. These examples though show only the effects within developed countries, where regulation was already in place, allowing deregulation to occur. Let us now turn our attention to the effect of globalization on political power in newly industrialising countries. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank were created at the 1944 Bretton Woods conference, and were intended to avert another 1930’s style depression. From the 1980’s, any credit from the World Bank, intended for development, had conditions of IMF ‘structural adjustment programmes’ attached. Countries accepting such loans are forced to implement changes in their own economies which reflect the free market ideology of neo-liberalism, namely capital and trade liberalisation. In 1985 debt-stricken Bolivia accepted the IMF conditions on World Bank debt relief, and in doing so were forced open up its markets to foreign corporations, massively reduce public spending and privatise all national industry. This policy resulted in a 300% increase in domestic water prices, and Bolivia remains today the poorest country in Latin America. Here we can see that governments in developing countries have even less scope to create economic policy than those in the ‘west.’ For the past fifty years, economic growth has been organised and managed by the state. This has been weakened by a number of reasons. Firstly the internationalisation of the finance markets, in particular the floating foreign exchange mechanism has reduced the efficiency of national macroeconomics. For governments acting macro-economically, there are too many risks and uncertainties, due to the unpredictability of the global market. The role of government now resides in the microeconomic realm, by promoting flexibility in labour and production. Secondly, the percentage of economic activity now organised by TNC’s, and the growing interdependence within trade, investment and technology has taken economic power out of the hands of the nation state, thus undermining its authority and legitimacy. Finally the prevailing ideology that market freedom is an essential tool in attracting investment has led to deregulation, and therefore further powers taken from the state. As we have seen above, such deregulation has led to the rolling back of the welfare state, significant environmental compromises and the loss of tax revenue from the state. In less developed countries we have seen that an even greater loss of power has taken place. The consequence of globalization upon the political power of the nation state is the reduced power within the economic sphere. With a global finance market, single state changes in economic policy are unpredictable. With a global industry market, such changes become dictated by business and by the free market ethos. 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